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If the ashes are to be disposed of by burial in soil or other wise locally dispersed, they should be retained in the closed container until all cinders have thoroughly cooled. SOFTWOOD VS HARDWOOD Softwoods contain about 15 percent highly flammable resin which generates creosote soot in the chimney flue. Burning softwood exclusively may not be as desirable nor as safe as burning denser hardwoods. Many experienced fire-builders use small amounts of softwood kindling and newspaper in conjunction with starting a fire with split hardwood logs. Here are some guidelines to remember: 1. Softwoods produce fast warming and shorter fires. Hardwoods burn less vigorously, have shorter flames and produce steady, glowing coals. 2. As a general rule, denser woods contain more potential heat per pound. Most softwoods offer moderate heat value per pound. NOTE: DIAGRAMS & ILLUSTRATIONS ARE NOT TO SCALE. 3. Different woods vary widely in fl ame heights, flame intensities, smoke characteristics and in sparking. Most hardwoods do not spark. 4. Most freshly cut “green” wood will not burn well and will smoke. Green wood can be from 10 to 40 percent less efficient than air-dried seasoned wood. 5. Moisture and resin found inside unseasoned wood cells will build up pressure under heat and explode as sparks. 6. Most wood needs to be seasoned 9 to 12 months to reduce the moisture content and produce good steady fi res. When moisture content is reduced from 60 to 20%, the gain in heat potential is nearly 7%. 7. Proper storage of wood, especially during seasoning, is essential. We recommend that you: a. Never store wood on the ground. This will cause rotting and insect infiltration. Raise wood on flat rock or scrap wood. b. Stack wood loosely to allow air circulation. c. Store wood where it will not be excessively exposed to weather, such as under a tarp or under a roof. d. Do not stack wood directly against the walls of your home. 8. Be a knowledgeable wood buyer. There is a difference in cord sizes. A standard cord stack of logs is 4 ft. high by 8 ft. long by 4 ft. deep or the equivalent of this cubic footage, (Figure 1). 4' 4' 8' Standard Cord of Wood Figure 1 A face cord is the same height and length as a standard cord but the depth is only the length of the logs (12, 18 or 24 inches). A face cord can contain as little as 25% of the wood found in a standard cord. If you buy by the ton, remember that wood becomes lighter as it dries. When buying green or wet wood, ask for some extra poundage to allow for the extra water you will be getting. 9. 9. ture content and same species, we find most woods have approximately the same heating potential per pound. However, most wood is sold by volume, not by weight. To determine the best heating source, look at the density of various wood types. (Density is the weight for a given size. The higher the density, the more potential heat output. A standard cord has a volume of 128 cubic feet. This figure also includes the air space between and around the wood. The actual volume in a standard cord is between 60 and 100 cubic feet; depending on how tightly the wood is packed. Assuming that you are comparing two standard cords of different species but the same volume and moisture content, the denser species will provide more BTU’s. The table of wood species/densities reveals more helpful guidelines. HARDWOODS DENSITY Alser, Red .41 Ash .49-.60 Aspen .38-.39 Basswood, American .37 Beech, American .64 Birch .55-.65 Butternut .38 Cherry, Black .50 Chestnut, American .43 Cottonwood .34-.40 Elm .60.63 Hackberry .53 Hickory, Pecan .60.66 Hickory, True .69-.75 Honey locust .66 (est. Locust, Black .69 Magnolia .48-.50 Maple .48-.63 Oak, Red .59-.67 Oak, White .64-.88 Poplar .42 Sassafras .42 Sweet gum .52 Sycamore, American .49 Tanoak .64 (est. Tupelo .50 Walnut, Black .55 Willow, Black .39 SOFTWOODS DENSITY Bald cypress .46 Cedar .31-.47 Douglas Fir .46-.50 Fir .32-.43 Hemlock .40-.45 Larch, Western .52 Pine .39-.59 Redwood .35-.40 Spruce .35-.41 Tamarack .53 STARTING A FIRE 1. To start a fire in a the fireplace properly, first check the operation of the fl ue damper. 2. To prevent smoking at start-up, close any window located near the fireplace when first lighting a fire. The closed windows may be reopened once a chimney draft is drawn in the fi replace. 3. The grate in the firebox should be centered on or over the bottom hearth so your fire can breath properly. Crumble and twist plenty of newspapers UNDER the grate and criss-cross some small dry kindling sticks on top of the paper or on the bottom of the grate. 4. Build a pyramid of three split logs (split will start much faster). Arrange the uneven wood to provide plenty of air space between. 5. Now, light the paper at both sides of the fi rebox. 6. Close the screens to prevent the escape of sparks and embers. 7. Close the damper only when your fire is completely out and ashes are cold. Keep closed when fireplace is not in use to prevent unnecessary loss of ...

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